CHILDREN have a lot to contend with these days, not least a tendency for their pushy parents to force-feed them omega-3 oils at every opportunity. These are supposed to make children brainier, so they are being added to everything from bread, milk and pasta to baby formula and vitamin tablets. But omega-3 is just the tip of the nutritional iceberg; many nutrients have proven cognitive effects, and do so throughout a person’s life, not merely when he is a child. 

    現(xiàn)在的孩子們與父母親的沖突很多，其中之一就是他們性急的父母親不放過(guò)任何機(jī)會(huì)強(qiáng)迫他們吃歐米伽-3。人們認(rèn)為補(bǔ)充歐米伽-3能使孩子更聰明，因此幾乎所有的食品（面包、牛奶、意大利面、嬰兒奶粉以及維生素）中都添加了這種營(yíng)養(yǎng)品。但是，歐米伽-3僅僅是營(yíng)養(yǎng)品冰山的一角，許多其它的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品也具有益智效果，而且這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)品能在整個(gè)人的一生中都起作用，而不僅僅局限在兒童時(shí)期。

    Fernando Gómez-Pinilla, a fish-loving professor of neurosurgery and physiological science at the University of California, Los Angeles, believes that appropriate changes to a person’s diet can enhance his cognitive abilities, protect his brain from damage and counteract the effects of ageing. Dr Gómez-Pinilla has been studying the effects of food on the brain for years, and has now completed a review, just published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, that has analysed more than 160 studies of food’s effect on the brain. Some foods, he concludes, are like pharmaceutical compounds; their effects are so profound that the mental health of entire countries may be linked to them. 

    費(fèi)爾南多•戈麥斯-皮尼拉是加利福利亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的一名神經(jīng)外科與生理科學(xué)教授，這位愛(ài)吃魚(yú)的教授認(rèn)為適當(dāng)改變一個(gè)人的飲食習(xí)慣能提高他的認(rèn)知能力、保護(hù)他的大腦免收損傷以及延緩衰老。戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士研究食物對(duì)大腦的影響已有多年，他最近剛剛寫(xiě)完一篇研究綜述并發(fā)表在《自然評(píng)論神經(jīng)科學(xué)》雜志上。在這篇研究綜述中，戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士對(duì)160多項(xiàng)有關(guān)食物對(duì)大腦的影響的研究進(jìn)行了綜合分析，他認(rèn)為有些食物就像藥品一樣，它們的影響非常深刻以至于整個(gè)國(guó)家的心理健康都和這些食物相關(guān)。

    Last year, for example, the Lancet published research showing that folic-acid supplements—sometimes taken by pregnant women—can help those between 50 and 70 years old ward off the cognitive decline that accompanies ageing. In a study lasting three years, Jane Durga, of Wageningen University in the Netherlands, and her colleagues found that people taking such supplements did better on measures of memory, information-processing speed and verbal fluency. That, plus evidence that folate deficiency is associated with clinical depression, suggests eating spinach, orange juice and Marmite, which are all rich in folic acid.

    比如去年《柳葉刀》雜志發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究表明，葉酸（有時(shí)候孕婦服用）能幫助50-70歲的人抵抗由于年齡增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)的認(rèn)知能力減退。在一項(xiàng)持續(xù)3年的研究中，來(lái)自荷蘭瓦格寧根大學(xué)的簡(jiǎn)•德伽和她的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)服用葉酸的人在記憶力、信息處理速度以及語(yǔ)言流暢性方面要表現(xiàn)得更好。另外，有證據(jù)表明葉酸缺乏與臨床性抑郁癥有關(guān)。綜合上述研究結(jié)果，我們應(yīng)該多吃那些富含葉酸的食物，比如菠菜、橙汁和Marmite（譯者注：一種食品的商標(biāo)名稱(chēng)，這種食品一般涂在面包上吃）。

    Another suggestion from Dr Gómez-Pinilla’s review is that people should eat more antioxidants. That idea is not new. Antioxidants are reckoned by many to protect against the general effects of ageing. Vitamin E, for example, which is found in vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables, has been linked (in mice) with the retention of memory into old age, and also with longer life. 

    戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士研究的另外一個(gè)建議就是人們應(yīng)該吃富含抗氧劑的食物。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)本身并不新，很多人都知道抗氧劑能延緩衰老。比如對(duì)老鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，維生素E（植物油、堅(jiān)果和綠色葉類(lèi)蔬菜中含有維生素E）與記憶力的長(zhǎng)期保持以及長(zhǎng)壽有關(guān)。

    Dr Gómez-Pinilla, however, gives the antioxidant story a particular twist. The brain, he observes, is peculiarly susceptible to oxidative damage. It consumes a lot of energy, and the reactions that release this energy also generate oxidising chemicals. Moreover, brain tissue contains a great deal of oxidisable material, particularly in the fatty membranes surrounding nerve cells. 

    但是戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士也指出了抗氧劑的兩面性。他發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦非常易于受到氧化性的損傷。大腦所需要的大量能量來(lái)源于一些化學(xué)反應(yīng)，這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)釋放大腦需要的能量的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生氧化性化學(xué)物質(zhì)。而且大腦組織含有大量的易氧化物質(zhì)，尤其存在于環(huán)繞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的脂肪膜里面。

    That suggests, among other things, the value of a diet rich in berries. These have been shown to have strong antioxidant effects, though only a small number of their constituents have been evaluated in detail. One group that has been evaluated, the polyphenols, has been shown in rodents to reduce oxidative damage and to boost the ability to learn and retain memories. In particular, these chemicals affect changes in response to different types of stimulation in the hippocampus (a part of the brain that is crucial to the formation of long-term memories, and which is the region most affected by Alzheimer’s disease). Another polyphenol, curcumin, has also been shown to have protective effects. It reduces memory deficits in animals with brain damage. It may be no coincidence that in India, where a lot of curcumin is consumed (it is the substance that makes turmeric yellow), Alzheimer’s disease is rarer than elsewhere.

    鑒于此以及其它的原因，富含苺類(lèi)的飲食就顯得有益。苺類(lèi)水果具有強(qiáng)的抗氧化效果，但是人們僅對(duì)其少數(shù)成分進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析。多酚是其中被分析的一組成分，從嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物來(lái)看，多酚能降低氧化性損傷以及提高它們學(xué)習(xí)和保持記憶的能力。尤其特別的是，在海馬體中（海馬體是大腦的一部分，它對(duì)長(zhǎng)期記憶的形成起關(guān)鍵作用，老年癡呆癥對(duì)海馬體的影響最大）不同的刺激帶來(lái)相應(yīng)的變化，多酚就能影響這些變化。另外一種名叫姜黃素的多酚也具有保護(hù)作用。對(duì)于大腦受損的動(dòng)物，姜黃素能降低這些動(dòng)物的記憶缺失。印度人吃很多的姜黃素（姜黃素就是用來(lái)做姜黃的物質(zhì)），印度人患老年癡呆癥的人比其它地方的人少得多，這或許不是一個(gè)巧合。

    Though the way antioxidants work in the brain is not well known, Dr Gómez-Pinilla says it is likely they protect the synaptic membranes. Synapses are the junctions between nerve cells, and their action is central to learning and memory. But they are also, he says, the most fragile parts of the brain. And many of the nutrients associated with brain function are known to affect transmission at the synapses.

    雖然人們對(duì)抗氧劑在大腦內(nèi)的作用機(jī)理還不是很清楚，但是戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士認(rèn)為它們可能起到保護(hù)神經(jīng)節(jié)膜的作用。神經(jīng)節(jié)是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間的結(jié)合點(diǎn)，它們對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和記憶起至關(guān)重要的作用。但是它們也是大腦中最脆弱的部分。人們知道，許多與腦功能有關(guān)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分能影響神經(jīng)節(jié)之間的信號(hào)傳輸。

    An omega-3 fatty acid called docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for example, provides membranes at synaptic regions with “fluidity”—the capacity to transport signals. It also provides “plasticity”—a synapse’s capacity to change. Such changes are the basis of memory. Since 30% of the fatty constituents of nerve-cell membranes are DHA molecules, keeping your DHA levels topped up is part of having a healthy brain. Indeed, according to the studies reviewed by Dr Gómez-Pinilla, the benefits of omega-3s include improved learning and memory, and resistance to depression and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, attention-deficit disorder and dyslexia. 

    例如一種叫做二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的歐米伽-3脂肪酸，提供給神經(jīng)節(jié)膜“流動(dòng)性”（神經(jīng)節(jié)傳輸信號(hào)的能力）。它也提供給神經(jīng)節(jié)膜“彈性”（神經(jīng)節(jié)變化的能力）。這些變化是記憶的基礎(chǔ)。因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)細(xì)胞膜的脂肪成分30%都是DHA分子，因此保持高水平DHA有利于獲得一個(gè)健康的大腦。根據(jù)戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士綜述中的研究，歐米伽-3的益處包括提高學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力，抵抗抑郁癥、雙極性情感疾病、精神分裂癥、精神病、注意力缺乏癥以及閱讀障礙。

    Omega-3s are found in oily fish such as salmon, as well as in walnuts and kiwi fruit, and there is a strong negative correlation between the extent to which a country consumes fish and its levels of clinical depression. On the Japanese island of Okinawa, for example, people have a strikingly low rate of mental disorder—and Okinawans are notable fish eaters, even by the standards of a piscivorous country like Japan. In contrast, many studies suggest that diets which are rich in trans- and saturated fatty acids, such as those containing a lot of deep-fried foods and butter, have bad effects on cognition. Rodents put on such diets show declines in cognitive performance within weeks. 

    含油豐富的魚(yú)類(lèi)中含有歐米茄-3，比如三文魚(yú)、核桃，獼猴桃中也含有歐米茄-3，而且在一個(gè)國(guó)家中，人們吃魚(yú)越多，這個(gè)國(guó)家的臨床抑郁癥發(fā)病率越低。例如在日本的沖繩島，這里的人們心理疾病發(fā)病率非常低，而沖繩島的居民以吃魚(yú)聞名，就是按照日本這個(gè)以吃魚(yú)著稱(chēng)的國(guó)家的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，沖繩島居民的嗜魚(yú)也是格外有名的。相反，許多研究表明含大量順式以及飽和脂肪酸的飲食（比如那些含有大量深度油炸食品和黃油的飲食）對(duì)認(rèn)知能力產(chǎn)生壞的影響。嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物食用這樣的飲食后，幾周內(nèi)便表現(xiàn)出認(rèn)知能力下降。

    In the past few years, several studies have looked at the effect of adding omega-3s to people’s diets—particularly those of children. One such, carried out in the British city of Durham, was controversial in that it was funded by a maker of children’s omega-3 supplements and did not include a control group being given a placebo. Despite the publicity this study has received, Ben Goldacre, author of a book called “Bad Science” that includes an investigation of it, says the results will not be released. 

    在過(guò)去幾年里，人們對(duì)飲食中添加歐米茄-3的影響進(jìn)行了幾項(xiàng)研究——尤其是研究在兒童的飲食中添加歐米茄-3產(chǎn)生的影響。 其中一項(xiàng)研究在英國(guó)的達(dá)勒姆市進(jìn)行，不過(guò)這項(xiàng)研究因?yàn)閮蓚�(gè)原因?qū)е铝藸?zhēng)議：首先這項(xiàng)研究的資助來(lái)自于一家生產(chǎn)供兒童食用的歐米茄-3的制造商，其次這項(xiàng)研究沒(méi)有引入控制組（控制組服用安慰劑）。盡管這項(xiàng)研究引起了公眾的關(guān)注，本•高德卡說(shuō)這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果不會(huì)被公布出來(lái)。本•高德卡是“《壞科學(xué)》”的作者，在這本書(shū)中記載了有關(guān)對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究的調(diào)查。

    Work by other researchers, however, has suggested such supplements do improve the performance and behaviour of school-age children with specific diagnoses such as dyslexia, attention-deficit disorder and developmental co-ordination disorder. Moreover, although more work is needed to elucidate the effects of omega-3s on healthy school-age children, Dr Gómez-Pinilla says that younger children whose mothers took fish-oil supplements (which contain omega-3s) when they were pregnant and while they were breast-feeding do show better cognitive performance than their unsupplemented contemporaries.

    但是，其他研究者的工作表明，對(duì)于那些患有諸如閱讀障礙、注意力缺乏癥以及發(fā)展性協(xié)調(diào)障礙的學(xué)齡兒童來(lái)說(shuō)，歐米茄-3確實(shí)能提高他們的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)以及改善他們的行為方式。雖然，歐米茄-3對(duì)于健康學(xué)齡兒童的影響還有待研究，但是，戈麥斯-皮尼拉博士說(shuō)，母親在懷孕和哺乳期間服用含歐米茄-3的魚(yú)油營(yíng)養(yǎng)品的孩子們，確實(shí)在認(rèn)知能力上要比那些母親在懷孕和哺乳期間不服用含歐米茄-3的魚(yú)油營(yíng)養(yǎng)品的孩子們表現(xiàn)得更好。

    Eating well, then, is one key to a healthy brain. But a word of warning—do not overeat. This puts oxidative stress on the brain and risks undoing all the good work those antioxidants have been up to. For those who would like a little practical guidance, The Economist has some suggestions for dinner (see menu). So why not put the Nintendo brain trainer away tonight, and eat your way to intelligence instead? 

    所以，吃得好是擁有健康大腦的關(guān)鍵之一。但是請(qǐng)記住一句忠告：過(guò)猶不及。過(guò)度飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致大腦處于氧化性壓力之下，這樣的話(huà)那些抗氧劑能帶來(lái)的好處很可能就被這種壓力抵消了。如果你想要一些實(shí)際的指導(dǎo)，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》可以給你的晚餐一些建議（請(qǐng)看菜單）。所以今天晚上何不停下手里的任天堂游戲，而是享受一頓益智的晚餐？