Ionization air purifiers may be making our homes and offices more unhealthy places when cleaning products leave the air smelling lemon-fresh, according to research in the 1 April 2007 issue of Environmental Science & Technology. Scientists at the University of California, Irvine, report that ozone emitted by these purifiers reacts with certain volatile organic compounds such as limonene, producing potentially harmful levels of particulate matter (PM).

“In earlier work we showed ionization air purifiers, which are meant to remove particles from the air, to be producers of ozone, which itself causes a range of breathing problems and perhaps reduced resistance to infections,” says Sergey Nizkorodov, an assistant professor of chemistry at Irvine. “Now we show this ozone reacts with limonene entering the air from cleaning products to produce more PM than these machines can actually remove.” Limonene is used to scent cleaning products.

The researchers placed an ionization air purifier in an office equipped with a standard air exchange system. An ozone generator—a type of purifier that releases ozone to oxidize and theoretically neutralize volatile pollutants—was used as a comparison. d-limonene was injected into the room periodically to achieve concentrations similar to those encountered in offices after cleaning.

The ionization air purifier initially increased the ozone concentration by 5–15 ppb from a background level of 5 ppb, while the ozone generator raised it by some 250 ppb, according to Nizkorodov. With either machine operating, the limonene injections were accompanied by a spike of one to two orders of magnitude in the air’s PM2.5 and PM0.1 content—from 103 to 105 particles per cubic centimeter—that decayed over the next hour. “This means that in [limonene’s] presence, these air purifiers are actually air contaminators,” says Nizkorodov.

The researchers also produced a kinetic model to predict the net amount of PM produced by different machines under different indoor scenarios. “The results obtained with the model fitted the experimental data very well,” says Nizkorodov.

“The ultrafine particles produced by the reaction between volatile organic compounds and emitted ozone from ionization indoor air purifiers are of considerable interest since they are known to trigger oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs,” says Claire Infante-Rivard, a professor of epidemiology at McGill University in Montréal. “The results of the present study should attract the attention of public health authorities regarding the safety of these devices.”

Peggy Jenkins, manager of the Indoor Exposure Assessment Branch at the California Air Resources Board, says that agency is currently developing a regulation to limit ozone emissions from indoor air-cleaning devices, especially ozone generators. “The Irvine results further support the need for this regulation,” she says. “In addition to reducing the directly emitted ozone and its associated impacts, the regulation will reduce the likelihood of particle and formaldehyde formation when limonene or other terpenes are present indoors.”

根據(jù)《環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)》2007年4月1日一期上的研究，如果清潔產(chǎn)品在空氣中留下檸檬香味，離子空氣凈化器可能使我們的家庭和辦公室環(huán)境更加不利于健康。加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校的科學(xué)家們說，這些凈化器釋放的臭氧同某些揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物——如檸檬烯（苯烯），發(fā)生反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生可能達(dá)到有害水平的顆粒物（PM）。

“早先的研究表明，用來清除空氣中顆粒物的離子空氣凈化器會(huì)放出臭氧，而臭氧本身就會(huì)導(dǎo)致各種呼吸問題，還可能降低人體對(duì)疾病的抵抗力，”歐文分校的化學(xué)系助教謝爾蓋·尼克羅多夫說。“現(xiàn)在我們的研究表明，這些臭氧同清潔產(chǎn)品釋放的檸檬烯發(fā)生反應(yīng)，生成的顆粒物比凈化器實(shí)際能清除的還要多。”清潔產(chǎn)品中用檸檬烯來增加香味。

研究人員把一個(gè)離子空氣凈化器放在一間配備有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)空氣交換系統(tǒng)的辦公室里，再用一臺(tái)臭氧發(fā)生器作對(duì)照——臭氧發(fā)生器釋放臭氧進(jìn)行氧化，理論上可以中和揮發(fā)性污染物。屋中定時(shí)噴射D-檸檬烯，產(chǎn)生類似辦公室清潔后的濃度。

尼克羅多夫說，離子空氣凈化器起初將臭氧的自然背景值從5ppb提高了5～15ppb，而臭氧發(fā)生器將臭氧濃度提高約250ppb。兩臺(tái)機(jī)器只要有一臺(tái)運(yùn)行，隨著檸檬烯噴射，空氣中PM2.5和PM0.1含量會(huì)出現(xiàn)一兩次激增——每立方厘米103到105個(gè)顆粒——過一個(gè)小時(shí)才衰減。“這意味著如果有檸檬烯，這些空氣凈化器實(shí)際上是空氣污染器”，尼克羅多夫表示。

研究人員還設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)動(dòng)力模型，來預(yù)測不同機(jī)器在不同室內(nèi)環(huán)境下生成的顆�？偭俊Ｄ峥肆_多夫說，“模型得出的數(shù)據(jù)同試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)非常吻合”。

“由揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物和離子室內(nèi)空氣凈化器釋放的臭氧反應(yīng)生成超細(xì)顆粒，這特別值得注意，因?yàn)橐阎�它們可以引發(fā)肺部的氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥。蒙特利爾麥吉爾大學(xué)的流行病學(xué)教授克萊爾·殷凡蒂說，“目前研究的結(jié)果應(yīng)該引起公共衛(wèi)生當(dāng)局注意，關(guān)注這些設(shè)備的安全問題。”

加州空氣資源委員會(huì)室內(nèi)空氣污染暴露評(píng)定組干事佩吉·詹金斯說，該機(jī)構(gòu)正在制定條例來限制室內(nèi)空氣清潔設(shè)備，尤其是臭氧發(fā)生器的臭氧排放。“加州大學(xué)歐文分校的研究結(jié)果為這一條例提供了進(jìn)一步的證據(jù)”，她說。“除了減少臭氧的直接排放和與之相關(guān)的影響外，這一條例還將減少室內(nèi)存在檸檬烯和其它萜烯時(shí)顆粒物和甲醛形成的機(jī)會(huì)。“